Second international AFM BioMed Conference on AFM in life sciences and medicine, 16-18 October 2008, Monterey, CA, USA.

Founded in June 2006, AFM BioMed organized its first international conference from 19 to 21 April 2007 in Barcelona (Pellequer et al., 2007). Hosted by Universitat de Barcelona, IBEC and the CEA, this event welcomed approximately 220 scientists from 24 countries reflecting the strong and rapidly growing enthusiasm for the use of AFM in the life sciences and medicine (Parot et al., 2007). The second edition, held at the Hyatt Regency in Monterey, California, from 16 to 18 October 2008, was hosted by QB3 and CEAwith an organizing committee of Sanjay Kumar (Chairman: UC, Berkeley), Pierre Parot and Jean-Luc Pellequer (Co-organizers: CEA Marcoule). Conferences like these are simply not possible without extensive financial and logistical support, and Veeco Instruments, Hamamatsu, Microscopy and Analysis, Leica Microsystems and nPoint offered generous sponsorship to help cover both scientific and social events. Approximately 150 scientists from 16 countries attended the Monterey edition of AFM BioMed which was organized into five full-length oral sessions, two poster sessions and an evening session featuring short oral presentations of a few particularly outstanding posters. In addition to these sessions, a workshop was held the day before the conference that included lectures and demonstrations covering various applications of AFM in the life sciences ranging from single molecules to living cells. Examples included AFM imaging and force spectroscopy of biomolecules and cells, mechanical characterization of biological materials and micromanipulation. The first oral session, New AFM-Based Instrumentation for Biology and Medicine, was chaired by Daniel Fletcher (University of California, Berkeley, USA) and covered novel force microscopy techniques, combined AFM-optical microscopy systems and advanced probes. The second session, Biomolecular Force Spectroscopy, was chaired by Christopher Yip (University of Toronto, Canada) and covered single-molecule force spectroscopy, mechanical unfolding, simulation and analysis of single molecule unfolding and refolding and measurement of protein– protein and protein–surface interactions, including adhesive and receptor–ligand binding forces. The third session, AFM of Biomaterial Surfaces, was chaired by Greg Haugstad (University of Minnesota, USA) and covered imaging and chemical/ mechanical characterization of biomaterial surfaces (particularly in the context of coating, adsorption and modification) and the interface of synthetic materials with biological tissues. The fourth session, AFM of Cells, was chaired by Michel Grandbois (Université de Sherbrooke, Canada) and covered the force spectroscopy, adhesion, imaging, mechanics and mechanotransduction and manipulation of living cells. The final session, Biomolecular Imaging, was chaired by Simon Scheuring (Institut Curie, France) and covered high-resolution AFM imaging of biomolecules, biomembranes, cells and biomedical nanostructures. This special issue of JMR is dedicated to showcasing full-length papers based on some of the especially superb presentations made at the meeting. To pick just a few examples, Strauss and colleagues use AFM to comparatively characterize the structure and force spectroscopy of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer across several E. coli strains and show that the length of the LPS layer correlates with adhesion to the AFM tip, which may lend insights into the earliest steps of infection. Jungbauer and colleagues creatively use AFM imaging to validate new strategies for fluorescently labelling Ab amyloid fibrils, thereby creating new reagents for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease. Calderon and colleagues develop an elegant modelling framework with which to extract information about intramolecular frictional interactions from single-molecule unfolding experiments. We are excited to report that there will be a third edition of AFM BioMed, with the meeting once again returning to Europe. The next AFM BioMed conference will be held from 10 to 15May 2010, in Red Island (Roving, Croatia) and will be chaired by Professor Vesna Svetličić from the Ruper Bošković Institute at Zagreb, Croatia. We are confident that you will enjoy this special issue of JMR, and we hope to see you in Red Island! (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI:10.1002/jmr.974 Editorial